Reference Style Guide

The Cadmus formatting style for citations and references is based exclusively on the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), Notes and Bibliography (NB) system. The Author-Date system is not used.

If you have any questions regarding the reference formatting. You may also download a pdf copy of the Reference style Guide from here

Reference Styles

Footnotes, endnotes, and a bibliography are permitted, with distinct functions:

• Footnotes are used for explanatory or descriptive commentary that does not cite a source.
• Endnotes are used to cite sources. Comments may be included within the endnote text if required
• Bibliography lists references that support the article’s overall argument or provide general context.

A bibliography is not required if all sources are fully cited in the endnotes.

Placement of Notes:

Notes (footnotes or endnotes) should appear at the end of a sentence, following all punctuation. CMOS discourages placing notes mid-sentence and permits this practice only when absolutely necessary.

When a statement relies on more than one authority, all sources must be combined into a single endnote entry. Within the note, individual citations should be separated by semicolons. Stacking multiple note numbers at the end of a sentence is not permitted.

Subsequent Citations:

Shortened Notes (Author's Last Name, Short Title, Page Number) must be used for all subsequent citations of a work after its first full citation.

Ibid. is used to refer to the source cited in the immediately preceding note.

For a complete list of samples, refer to the Official CMOS guide https://www.chicagomnualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html

Sample Citations of Notes

Use the same format for both endnotes and footnotes. The following examples illustrate the notes system

BOOKS/ REPORTS

For a book with single author

Footnotes/Endnotes Format:
Author name, Title of the Book (Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year), page range (optional)

Example:
Adam Smith, The Wealth Of Nations (London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1776), 94-96

Bibliography Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year.

Example: Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1776.

For a book with multiple authors

For a book with two authors, cite both the authors.

Footnotes/Endnotes Format: Author 1 and Author 2, Title of the Book (Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year), page range (optional)

Example: Orio Giarini and Walter Stahel, The Limits To Certainty(Dordrecht/Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993), xv

Bibliography Format: First Author’s Last Name, First Name, and Second Author’s First Name Last Name. Title of the Book. Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year.

Example: Giarini, Orio, and Walter Stahel. The Limits to Certainty. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

For a book with an editor or translator in addition to the author:

Footnotes/Endnotes Format: Author name, Title of the Book, trans. / ed. Translator’s/ Editor’s name(Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year), page range (optional)

Example: Gabriel García Márquez, Love in the Time of Cholera, trans. Edith Grossman (London: Cape, 1988), 242–55

Bibliography Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Chapter." In Title of the Book, edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, Chapter Page Range. Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year.

Example: Gould, Glenn. "Streisand as Schwarzkopf." In The Glenn Gould Reader, edited by Tim Page, 308–311. New York: Vintage, 1984.

For a book with an editor in place of an author

A book with an editor in place of an author includes the abbreviation ed. (for more than one editor, use eds.). Two or more editors are separated by ‘and’; in the case of four or more editors, the name of the first editor is mentioned followed by et al.

Footnotes/Endnotes Format: Editor, ed., Title of the Book (Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year), page range (optional)

Example: Joel Greenberg, ed., Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 42

BibliographyFormat: Editor Name (Last Name, First Name), ed. Title of the Book. Publication City: Publisher, Year.

Example: Greenberg, Joel, ed. Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.

Citing a chapter of a book

When citing a chapter or similar part of an edited book, include the chapter title in quotation marks; and the editor. Precede the title of the book with in.

Footnotes/Endnotes Format: Author name, “Chapter of the book,” in Title of the Book, ed. Editor name (Publisher’s city: Publisher, Year), page range (optional)

Example: Glenn Gould, “Streisand as Schwarzkopf,” in The Glenn Gould Reader, ed. Tim Page (New York: Vintage, 1984), 310

Bibliography Format: Author Name (Last Name, First Name). “Title of the Chapter.” In Title of the Book, edited by Editor Name, Chapter Page Range. Publication City: Publisher, Year.

Example: Gould, Glenn. “Streisand as Schwarzkopf.” In The Glenn Gould Reader, edited by Tim Page, 308–311. New York: Vintage, 1984.

Journal Article

For a single author

The URL may or may not be provided in the citation.

Footnotes/Endnotes Format: Author name, “Title of the article,” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Year): page range. URL (optional)

Example: Amartya Sen, “Elements of a Theory of Human Rights,” Philosophy and Public Affairs32, no. 4 (2004): 315. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2004.00017.x/abstract

EndNote with Multiple authors

Author names are separated by ‘and’ for two or more authors in endnotes. For 4 or more authors cite only the name of the first-listed author, followed by et al.

Bibliography Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Article." Title of the Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year): Full Article Page Range. DOI or URL.

Example: Sen, Amartya. "Elements of a Theory of Human Rights." Philosophy & Public Affairs 32, no. 4 (2004): 315–356.

Bibliography with Multiple authors

All authors are listed in the bibliography entry. Do not use "et al." for up to ten authors in the bibliography. Only the first-listed author's name is inverted (Last Name, First Name). All subsequent co-authors are listed in normal order (First Name Last Name).

Magazine/ Newspaper Articles

The URL of the magazine/newspaper article is optional.

Footnotes/Endnotes Format: Author name, “Title of the Article” Newspaper/Magazine Name, Date published URL (optional)

Example: Thomas Friedman, “The Start-Up of You,” The New York Times, 12^th July 2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/opinion/13friedman.html

Bibliography Format: Author Name (Last Name, First Name). “Title of the Article.” Newspaper/Magazine Name, Publication Date. URL (optional).

Example: Friedman, Thomas. “The Start-Up of You.” The New York Times, July 12, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/opinion/13friedman.html

Website pages/ articles

Footnotes/EndnotesFormat: Title of the Article,” Name of the Website URL

Example:Google Privacy Policy,” Googlehttp://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html

Bibliography Format: Name of Website/Owner or Author Name (Last Name, First Name). “Title of the Article/Page.” Publication Date or Last Modified Date. URL.

Example: Google. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified January 1, 2026. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html

The author names, if applicable, are added before the title of the page/article as used for books and journals.

Graphic representation of data derived from a data set / data bank

When a figure (graph, map, chart, etc.) or table is generated/created from a data set/data bank available online, use the following to reference the data set.

Footnotes/EndnotesFormat: Databank, Dataset used. Retrieved from url

Example: World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance, The World Bank, Household Final Consumption Expenditure. Retrieved From http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do

Bibliography Format: Name of Database/Publisher. Title of the Dataset. Publication Year/Last Modified Date. URL.

Example: The World Bank. World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance: Household Final Consumption Expenditure. 2026. http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do

When a table/figure is reprinted from a journal article/ book, the endnote format should be

Adapted [or Reprinted] with permission from Author name(s), Book or journal formatting style as used for books or journals.

Refer to the Author Guidelines for detailed information on reproducing already published material.

Citation

The notes, whether footnotes or endnotes, are usually numbered and correspond to superscripted note reference numbers in the text. Citations in manuscripts should be presented as ordinary text, stripped of any of the underlying codes (e.g., fields or hyperlinks) used in creating or organizing them.

Citations plus commentary

EndnotesFormat: Author, Book/Journal, Comments

Example: Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, act 3, sc. 1. Caesar’s claim of constancy should be taken with a grain of salt.